日本熟妇hd丰满老熟妇,中文字幕一区二区三区在线不卡 ,亚洲成片在线观看,免费女同在线一区二区

子查詢

本文介紹PolarDB-X支持的子查詢類別及在PolarDB-X中使用子查詢的相關限制和注意事項。

使用限制

相比原生MySQL,PolarDB-X在子查詢使用上增加了如下限制:

  • 不支持在HAVING子句中使用子查詢,示例如下:

    SELECT name, AVG( quantity )
    FROM tb1
    GROUP BY name
    HAVING AVG( quantity ) > 2* (
       SELECT AVG( quantity )
       FROM tb2
     );
  • 不支持在JOIN ON子句中使用子查詢,示例如下:

    SELECT * FROM tb1 p JOIN tb2 s on (p.id=s.id and p.quantity>All(select quantity from tb3))
  • 等號操作行符的標量子查詢(The Subquery as Scalar Operand)不支持ROW語法。示例如下:

    SELECT * FROM tb1 WHERE row(id, name) = (select id, name from tb2)        
  • 不支持在UPDATE SET子句中使用子查詢,示例如下:

    UPDATE t1 SET c1 = (SELECT c2 FROM t2 WHERE t1.c1 = t2.c1) LIMIT 10

注意事項

PolarDB-X中部分子查詢僅能以APPLY的方式執行,查詢效率低下。在實際使用中請盡量避免如下例子中的低效SQL:

  • WHERE條件中OR與子查詢共存時,執行效率會依外表數據情況大幅降低。示例如下:

    高效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2)
    高效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2) and id>3
    低效:select * from tb1 where id in (select id from tb2) or  id>3
  • 關聯子查詢(Correlated Subqueries)的關聯項中帶函數或非等號運算符。示例如下:

    高效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name)
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where UPPER(a.name)=b.name)
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.decimal_test=abs(b.decimal_test))
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name!=b.name)
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name>=b.name) 
  • 關聯子查詢(Correlated Subqueries)關聯項與其它條件的邏輯運算符為OR。示例如下:

    高效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name
                                      and b.date_test<'2015-12-02')
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name
                                      or b.date_test<'2015-12-02')
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id in
          (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name
                                      or b.date_test=a.date_test)
  • 標量子查詢(The Subquery as Scalar Operand)帶關聯項。示例如下:

    高效:select * from tb1 a where id >
            (select id from tb2 b where b.date_test<'2015-12-02')
    低效:select * from tb1 a where id >
            (select id from tb2 b where a.name=b.name 
                                        and b.date_test<'2015-12-02')
  • 跨關聯層子查詢。示例如下:

    • SQL多層關聯,每層子查詢關聯項僅與直接上層關聯,此類高效。

      高效:select * from tb1 a where id in(select id from tb2 b 
              where a.name=b.name and 
              exists (select name from tb3 c where b.address=c.address))  
    • SQL多層關聯,但表c的子查詢關聯項與表a的列進行了關聯,此類低效。

      低效:select * from tb1 a where id in(select id from tb2 b 
              where a.name=b.name and 
              exists (select name from tb3 c where a.address=c.address)) 
    說明

    上述示例中,表a表b表b表c為直接層級關聯,表a表c間為跨層關聯。

  • 子查詢中包含GROUP BY,請確保GROUP BY的分組列包含關聯項。示例如下:

    • SQL子查詢中包含聚合函數和關聯項,關聯項b.pk包含于分組列pk之中,此類高效。

      高效:select * from tb1 a where exists 
          (select pk from tb2 b 
                      where a.pk=b.pk and  b.date_test='2003-04-05' 
                      group by pk);
    • SQL子查詢中包含聚合函數和關聯項,關聯項b.date_test不包含于分組列pk之中,此類低效。

      低效:select * from tb1 a where exists 
          (select pk from tb2 b 
                      where a.date_test=b.date_test and b.date_test='2003-04-05' 
                      group by pk);

支持的子查詢

PolarDB-X目前支持如下類別的子查詢:

帶有比較運算符的子查詢

這類子查詢最為常見。

語法

non_subquery_operand comparison_operator (subquery)
comparison_operator: =  >  <  >=  <=  <>  !=  <=> like        

示例

select * from tb1 WHERE 'a' = (SELECT column1 FROM t1)  
說明

目前僅支持子查詢在比較運算符的右邊。

帶有ANY、ALL、IN/NOT IN、EXISTS/NOT EXISTS的子查詢

語法

operand comparison_operator ANY (subquery)
operand comparison_operator ALL (subquery)
operand IN (subquery)
operand NOT IN (subquery)
operand EXISTS (subquery)
operand NOT EXISTS (subquery)

comparison_operator:=  >  <  >=  <=  <>  !=

示例

  • ANY:如果子查詢返回的任意一行滿足ANY前的表達式,返回TRUE,否則返回FALSE。

  • ALL:如果子查詢返回所有行都滿足ALL前的表達式,返回TRUE,否則返回FALSE。

  • IN:在子查詢前使用時,IN等價于=ANY。示例如下:

    SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 = ANY (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
    SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 IN    (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
  • NOT IN:NOT IN在子查詢前使用時,等價于<>ALL。示例如下:

    SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 <> ALL (SELECT s1 FROM t2);
    SELECT s1 FROM t1 WHERE s1 NOT IN (SELECT s1 FROM t2);   
  • EXISTS:如果子查詢返回任意行,EXISTS子查詢結果為TRUE;如果子查詢返回空值,EXISTS子查詢結果為FALSE。示例如下:

    SELECT column1 FROM t1 WHERE EXISTS (SELECT * FROM t2);
    說明

    如果EXISTS子查詢中包含任意行,即使只包含NULL的行值,WHERE條件也會返回TRUE。

  • NOT EXISTS:如果子查詢返回任意行,NOT EXISTS子查詢結果為FALSE;如果子查詢返回空值,NOT EXISTS子查詢結果為TRUE。

Row Subqueries

Row Subqueries支持如下比較運算符:

comparison_operator:=  >  <  >=  <=  <>  !=  <=>     

示例

SELECT * FROM t1
  WHERE (col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);
SELECT * FROM t1
  WHERE ROW(col1,col2) = (SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id = 10);  

以上兩個SQL是等價的,只有同時滿足以下條件時,t1表的數據行才會返回:

  • 子查詢SELECT col3, col4 FROM t2 WHERE id=10 僅返回一行記錄,返回多行會報錯。

  • 子查詢返回的col3col4結果與主表中col1col2的值需一一對應。

Correlated Subqueries

子查詢中包含對外層查詢表的引用。示例如下:

SELECT * FROM t1
  WHERE column1 = ANY (SELECT column1 FROM t2
                       WHERE t2.column2 = t1.column2);

示例的子查詢SQL中并沒有包含表t1及其列名column2,此時會向上一層尋找表t1的引用。

Derived Tables(Subqueries in the FROM Clause)

Derived Tables指在FROM子句中的子查詢。

語法

SELECT ... FROM (subquery) [AS] tbl_name ...

示例

  1. 數據準備:

    使用如下語法創建表t1:

    CREATE TABLE t1 (s1 INT, s2 CHAR(5), s3 FLOAT);
    INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (1,'1',1.0);
    INSERT INTO t1 VALUES (2,'2',2.0);

    使用如下查詢并得到查詢結果為2, '2', 4.0

    SELECT sb1,sb2,sb3
      FROM (SELECT s1 AS sb1, s2 AS sb2, s3*2 AS sb3 FROM t1) AS sb
      WHERE sb1 > 1;
  2. 查詢需求:獲取分組數據SUM后的平均值。

    若直接使用如下SQL則會報錯,無法執行:

    SELECT AVG(SUM(s1)) FROM t1 GROUP BY s1;

    此時可使用如下Derived Tables子查詢,并得到查詢結果為1.5000

    SELECT AVG(sum_s1)
      FROM (SELECT SUM(s1) AS sum_s1
            FROM t1 GROUP BY s1) AS t1;
    說明
    • Derived Tables必須擁有一個別名(如示例中的t1)。

    • Derived Tables可以返回一個標量、列、行或表。

    • Derived Tables不能成為Correlated Subqueries,即不能包含子查詢外部表的引用。