概述

使用限制

• 表名稱以hg開(kāi)頭的是Hologres系統(tǒng)表，以pg開(kāi)頭的是PostgreSQL系統(tǒng)表，簡(jiǎn)稱PG系統(tǒng)表。PG系統(tǒng)表不能與業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)建的表進(jìn)行關(guān)聯(lián)查詢，也不能將PG系統(tǒng)表的數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)入至業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)建的表中。

  說(shuō)明

  Hologres 從V1.3.22版本開(kāi)始，支持PG系統(tǒng)表與業(yè)務(wù)創(chuàng)建的表進(jìn)行Join，以及將系統(tǒng)表數(shù)據(jù)導(dǎo)出到Hologres表，但需注意，如果存在Hologres不支持的數(shù)據(jù)類型，則無(wú)法導(dǎo)出到Hologres表，也無(wú)法與Hologres表進(jìn)行Join。如果有需求請(qǐng)您升級(jí)實(shí)例。

• 在Hologres中，系統(tǒng)表中的OID字段表示表、索引、視圖等關(guān)系的唯一標(biāo)志符。但Postgres是單機(jī)系統(tǒng)，Hologres是分布式系統(tǒng)，有多個(gè)FE節(jié)點(diǎn)，每個(gè)FE節(jié)點(diǎn)的OID序列通常不相同。所以當(dāng)查詢結(jié)果中有OID時(shí)，可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)OID結(jié)果不一致的情況。

hologres.hg_table_properties

pg_catalog.pg_tables

pg_tables保存表的元信息，包含如下字段。

pg_catalog.pg_locks

pg_catalog.pg_class

pg_class用于保存原生Postgres的所有系統(tǒng)信息，包含如下字段。

hologres_statistic.hg_table_statistic

Hologres的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息表，其字段如下。

pg_catalog.pg_stats

pg_stats用于保存Postgres原生的統(tǒng)計(jì)信息，字段如下。

pg_catalog.pg_roles

pg_roles用于存放實(shí)例內(nèi)角色及其權(quán)限信息，字段如下。

information_schema.role_table_grants

常用SQL

一些常見(jiàn)命令可以通過(guò)psql簡(jiǎn)寫(xiě)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)，詳情請(qǐng)參見(jiàn)psql。同時(shí)也可以根據(jù)業(yè)務(wù)情況選擇使用如下提供的常見(jiàn)SQL。

查看表對(duì)應(yīng)的Hologres索引和屬性信息

SELECT * FROM hologres.hg_table_properties where table_name = '<tablename>';

tablename為表名稱。

查看表/視圖DDL

select hg_dump_script('<tablename>'); -- 表DDL
select hg_dump_script('<viewname>');  -- 視圖DDL

create extension hg_toolkit;

查看實(shí)例的Endpoint

show hg_frontend_endpoints;

查看當(dāng)前實(shí)例下的所有數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)

SELECT
    d.datname AS "Name",
    pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(d.datdba) AS "Owner",
    pg_catalog.pg_encoding_to_char(d.encoding) AS "Encoding",
    d.datcollate AS "Collate",
    d.datctype AS "Ctype",
    pg_catalog.array_to_string(d.datacl, E'\n') AS "Access privileges"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_database d
WHERE
    d.datname != 'postgres'
    AND d.datname != 'template0'
    AND d.datname != 'template1'
ORDER BY
    1;

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有User Mapping

SELECT
    um.srvname AS "Server",
    um.usename AS "User name"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_user_mappings um
WHERE
    um.srvname != 'query_log_store_server'
ORDER BY
    1,
    2;

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有Schema

SELECT
    n.nspname AS "Name",
    pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(n.nspowner) AS "Owner"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
WHERE
    n.nspname !~ '^pg_'
    AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
    AND n.nspname != 'hologres'
    AND n.nspname != 'hologres_sample'
    AND n.nspname != 'hologres_statistic'
    AND n.nspname !~ '^hg_'
    AND n.nspname !~ '^holo_'
ORDER BY
    1;

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有表、外表和視圖

SELECT
    n.nspname AS "Schema",
    c.relname AS "Name",
    CASE c.relkind
    WHEN 'r' THEN
        'table'
    WHEN 'v' THEN
        'view'
    WHEN 'm' THEN
        'materialized view'
    WHEN 'i' THEN
        'index'
    WHEN 'S' THEN
        'sequence'
    WHEN 's' THEN
        'special'
    WHEN 'f' THEN
        'foreign table'
    WHEN 'p' THEN
        'partitioned table'
    WHEN 'I' THEN
        'partitioned index'
    END AS "Type",
    pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(c.relowner) AS "Owner"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_class c
    LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE
    c.relkind IN ('r', 'p', 'v', 'm', 'S', 'f', '')
    AND n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog'
    AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
    AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_toast'
    AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
ORDER BY
    1,
    2;

查看當(dāng)前Schema下所有表以及表Owner（不包含系統(tǒng)表）

--查看當(dāng)前DB下所有表（包含系統(tǒng)表）
SELECT * FROM pg_tables


--查看當(dāng)前schema下所有表以及表owner（不包含系統(tǒng)表）
SELECT  n.nspname as "Schema"
        ,c.relname as "Name"
        ,CASE c.relkind WHEN 'r' THEN 'table' WHEN 'v' THEN 'view' WHEN 'm' THEN 'materialized view' WHEN 'i' THEN 'index' WHEN 'S' THEN 'sequence' WHEN 's' THEN 'special' WHEN 'f' THEN 'foreign table' WHEN 'p' THEN 'partitioned table' WHEN 'I' THEN 'partitioned index' END as "Type"
        ,pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(c.relowner) as "Owner"
FROM    pg_catalog.pg_class c
LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
ON      n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE   c.relkind IN ('r','p','v','m','S','f','')
and     n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog'
and     n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
and     n.nspname !~ '^pg_toast'
and     pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
ORDER BY 1, 2;
            

查看父表對(duì)應(yīng)的所有子表

-- 含分區(qū)鍵值
SELECT  c.oid::pg_catalog.regclass
        ,c.relkind
        ,pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(c.relpartbound, c.oid)
FROM    pg_catalog.pg_class c
        ,pg_catalog.pg_inherits i
WHERE   c.oid = i.inhrelid
AND     i.inhparent::pg_catalog.regclass = 'parent_table_name'::pg_catalog.regclass
ORDER BY pg_catalog.pg_get_expr(c.relpartbound, c.oid) = 'DEFAULT'
;



-- 不含分區(qū)鍵值
SELECT
    nmsp_parent.nspname AS parent_schema,
    parent.relname      AS parent,
    nmsp_child.nspname  AS child_schema,
    child.relname       AS child
FROM pg_inherits
    JOIN pg_class parent            ON pg_inherits.inhparent = parent.oid
    JOIN pg_class child             ON pg_inherits.inhrelid   = child.oid
    JOIN pg_namespace nmsp_parent   ON nmsp_parent.oid  = parent.relnamespace
    JOIN pg_namespace nmsp_child    ON nmsp_child.oid   = child.relnamespace
WHERE parent.relname='parent_table_name';

查看所有子表的創(chuàng)建時(shí)間和所屬父表

select
        cn.nspname as child_schema_name,c.relname as child_table_name,
        pn.nspname as parent_schema_name,p.relname as parent_table_name,
        to_timestamp(cp.property_value::bigint) as create_time
from pg_inherits i
left join pg_class p on p.oid=i.inhparent
left join pg_namespace pn on pn.oid = p.relnamespace
left join pg_class c on c.oid=i.inhrelid
left join pg_namespace cn on cn.oid = c.relnamespace
left join hologres.hg_table_properties cp on cp.property_key='create_time' and cp.table_namespace=pn.nspname and cp.table_name = c.relname;

查看所有外部表以及外部表對(duì)應(yīng)的MaxCompute表

SELECT  n.nspname
        ,c.relname
        ,s.srvname
        ,pg_catalog.array_to_string(
            ARRAY(
                SELECT pg_catalog.quote_ident(option_name) || ' ' || pg_catalog.quote_literal(option_value) FROM pg_catalog.pg_options_to_table(ftoptions)
            )
            ,', '
        )
FROM    pg_catalog.pg_foreign_table f
        ,pg_catalog.pg_foreign_server s
        ,pg_catalog.pg_class c
        ,pg_catalog.pg_namespace n
WHERE   s.oid = f.ftserver
and     c.oid = f.ftrelid
and     c.relnamespace = n.oid
and     n.nspname not in ('hologres', 'hologres_statistic', 'pg_catalog', 'pg_toast')
;
            

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有視圖

SELECT
    n.nspname AS "Schema",
    c.relname AS "Name",
    CASE c.relkind
    WHEN 'r' THEN
        'table'
    WHEN 'v' THEN
        'view'
    WHEN 'm' THEN
        'materialized view'
    WHEN 'i' THEN
        'index'
    WHEN 'S' THEN
        'sequence'
    WHEN 's' THEN
        'special'
    WHEN 'f' THEN
        'foreign table'
    WHEN 'p' THEN
        'partitioned table'
    WHEN 'I' THEN
        'partitioned index'
    END AS "Type",
    pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(c.relowner) AS "Owner"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_class c
    LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
WHERE
    c.relkind IN ('v', '')
    AND n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog'
    AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
    AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_toast'
    AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
ORDER BY
    1,
    2;

查看表被哪些view依賴

select * from information_schema.view_table_usage where table_name = '<table_name>';

查看表或者表字段的注釋

• 查看指定表中字段的注釋：

  SELECT a.attname as Column,
    pg_catalog.format_type(a.atttypid, a.atttypmod) as "Type",
    a.attnotnull as "Nullable",
    pg_catalog.col_description(a.attrelid, a.attnum) as "Description"
  FROM pg_catalog.pg_attribute a
  WHERE a.attnum > 0 AND NOT a.attisdropped AND a.attrelid = '<schema.tablename>'::regclass::oid
  ORDER BY a.attnum;

  其中schema.tablename為{Schema名稱}.{表名稱}。

• 查看表的注釋并且包含表的Owner等相關(guān)信息。

  SELECT n.nspname as "Schema",
    c.relname as "Name",
    CASE c.relkind WHEN 'r' THEN 'table' WHEN 'v' THEN 'view' WHEN 'm' THEN 'materialized view' WHEN 'i' THEN 'index' WHEN 'S' THEN 'sequence' WHEN 's' THEN 'special' WHEN 'f' THEN 'foreign table' WHEN 'p' THEN 'table' WHEN 'I' THEN 'index' END as "Type",
    pg_catalog.pg_get_userbyid(c.relowner) as "Owner",
    pg_catalog.pg_size_pretty(pg_catalog.pg_table_size(c.oid)) as "Size",
    pg_catalog.obj_description(c.oid, 'pg_class') as "Description"
  FROM pg_catalog.pg_class c
       LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = c.relnamespace
  WHERE c.relkind IN ('r','p','v','m','S','f','')
        AND n.nspname <> 'pg_catalog'
        AND n.nspname <> 'information_schema'
        AND n.nspname !~ '^pg_toast'
    AND pg_catalog.pg_table_is_visible(c.oid)
  ORDER BY 1,2;
  
  
  --返回結(jié)果示例
                          List of relations
   Schema | Name | Type  |      Owner       |  Size   | Description
  --------+------+-------+------------------+---------+-------------
   public | a    | table | 1365937xxxx | xxxx bytes | abcdef
  (1 row)

• 只查看指定表的注釋信息：

  select pg_catalog.obj_description('<tablename>'::regclass::oid, 'pg_class') as "Description";
  
  --返回結(jié)果示例
  Description
  ------------
  abcdef

  其中tablename為指定表名稱。

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有用戶和角色

SELECT
    r.rolname,
    r.rolsuper,
    r.rolinherit,
    r.rolcreaterole,
    r.rolcreatedb,
    r.rolcanlogin,
    r.rolconnlimit,
    r.rolvaliduntil,
    ARRAY (
        SELECT
            b.rolname
        FROM
            pg_catalog.pg_auth_members m
            JOIN pg_catalog.pg_roles b ON (m.roleid = b.oid)
        WHERE
            m.member = r.oid) AS memberof,
    r.rolreplication,
    r.rolbypassrls
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_roles r
WHERE
    r.rolname !~ '^pg_'
ORDER BY
    1;

列出當(dāng)前數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)下所有EXTENSIONS

SELECT
    e.extname AS "Name",
    e.extversion AS "Version",
    n.nspname AS "Schema",
    c.description AS "Description"
FROM
    pg_catalog.pg_extension e
    LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_namespace n ON n.oid = e.extnamespace
    LEFT JOIN pg_catalog.pg_description c ON c.objoid = e.oid
        AND c.classoid = 'pg_catalog.pg_extension'::pg_catalog.regclass
WHERE
    e.extname != 'hg_admin_cmd'
    AND e.extname != 'holo_dump_stat'
    AND e.extname != 'holo_funcs'
    AND e.extname != 'holo_link'
    AND e.extname != 'holo_system_admin'
    AND e.extname != 'holo_dump_stat'
    AND e.extname != 'query_log'
    AND e.extname != 'plpgsql'
ORDER BY
    1;

查看某個(gè)賬號(hào)的對(duì)應(yīng)權(quán)限

SELECT * FROM pg_roles where rolname='<uid>'

查看當(dāng)前實(shí)例下所有的用戶以及權(quán)限示例

SELECT  r.rolname
        ,r.rolsuper
        ,r.rolinherit
        ,r.rolcreaterole
        ,r.rolcreatedb
        ,r.rolcanlogin
        ,r.rolconnlimit
        ,r.rolvaliduntil
        ,ARRAY(
            SELECT b.rolname FROM pg_catalog.pg_auth_members m JOIN pg_catalog.pg_roles b ON (m.roleid = b.oid) WHERE m.member = r.oid
        ) as memberof
        ,r.rolreplication
        ,r.rolbypassrls
FROM    pg_catalog.pg_roles r
WHERE   r.rolname !~ '^pg_'
ORDER BY 1;

查看一個(gè)用戶有權(quán)限的所有表

SELECT current_database()::information_schema.sql_identifier AS table_catalog,
    nc.nspname::information_schema.sql_identifier AS table_schema,
    c.relname::information_schema.sql_identifier AS table_name,
        CASE
            WHEN nc.oid = pg_my_temp_schema() THEN 'LOCAL TEMPORARY'::text
            WHEN c.relkind = ANY (ARRAY['r'::"char", 'p'::"char"]) THEN 'BASE TABLE'::text
            WHEN c.relkind = 'v'::"char" THEN 'VIEW'::text
            WHEN c.relkind = 'f'::"char" THEN 'FOREIGN'::text
            ELSE NULL::text
        END::information_schema.character_data AS table_type,
        CASE
            WHEN (c.relkind = ANY (ARRAY['r'::"char", 'p'::"char"])) OR (c.relkind = ANY 
(ARRAY['v'::"char", 'f'::"char"])) AND (pg_relation_is_updatable(c.oid::regclass, false) 
& 8) = 8 THEN 'YES'::text
            ELSE 'NO'::text
        END::information_schema.yes_or_no AS is_insertable_into,
        CASE
            WHEN t.typname IS NOT NULL THEN 'YES'::text
            ELSE 'NO'::text
        END::information_schema.yes_or_no AS is_typed,
    NULL::character varying::information_schema.character_data AS commit_action
   FROM pg_namespace nc
     JOIN pg_class c ON nc.oid = c.relnamespace
     LEFT JOIN (pg_type t
     JOIN pg_namespace nt ON t.typnamespace = nt.oid) ON c.reloftype = t.oid
  WHERE (c.relkind = ANY (ARRAY['r'::"char", 'v'::"char", 'f'::"char", 'p'::"char"])) AND 
NOT pg_is_other_temp_schema(nc.oid) AND (pg_has_role('<USERID>', c.relowner, 'USAGE'::text)
 OR has_table_privilege('<USERID>', c.oid, 'SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE, TRUNCATE, REFERENCES, TRIGGER'::text)
 OR has_any_column_privilege('<USERID>', c.oid, 'SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, REFERENCES'::text));

查看一張表有權(quán)限的所有用戶

select rolname from pg_roles where has_table_privilege(rolname, '<schemaname>.<tablename>',
 'SELECT,INSERT,UPDATE,DELETE,TRUNCATE,REFERENCES,TRIGGER');